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  • Flaming

    This involves brief, heated online fights, where electronic messages using angry, vulgar, insulting and sometimes threatening language, are exchanged. It typically occurs in online public forums such as chat rooms, discussion groups or games. A lengthily series of these messages is called a “flame war”

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  • Harassment

    This involves frequently sending a cruel, offensive or threatening message to an individual target. This is usually done via a person’s e-mail account, mobile phone or other personal communication channel. It may cause alarm, annoyance or emotional stress to the receiver. The South African Law Reform Commission distinguishes between direct and indirect online harassment. Direct harassment includes threats, bullying or intimidating electronic messages sent directly to the victim. Indirect harassment includes spreading rumours about the victim on internet discussion forums, subscribing the victim to unwanted online services and posting information about the victim on online dating or sex services.

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  • Denigration

    This involves the sending or posting of cruel gossip or rumours about a person to damage his or her reputation or friendships. It often involves the spreading rumours about someone’s sexual orientation and information that is derogatory and untrue. It also includes posting or sending digitally altered photographs of someone to others, particularly pictures that portray the victim in a sexualised or harmful way.

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  • Happy Slapping

    A relatively new type of cyber bullying – involves incidents where people walk up to someone and slap them, while another captures the violence using a camera phone or digital camera. In some cases it constitutes more than slapping and assault may ensue.

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  • Impersonation or identity theft

    This is when someone breaks into someone else’s account and poses as that person, sending messages or other information to others online in an attempt to damage the victim’s reputation and friendships, or to get the victim in trouble. Negative, cruel or inappropriate information is communicated to others as if the target were voicing these thoughts

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  • Outing or trickery

    This involves sharing someone’s secrets or embarrassing information or images online with people whom the information was never intended to be shared. In some instances deception is used to trick someone into revealing their secrets or embarrassing information, and these are then shared online with others

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  • Exclusion

    This is related to the designation of who is a member of the in-group and who is an outcast. The emotional impact of exclusion can be intense and may occur in an online gaming environment, group blogging environment, or any other password-protected communication environment.

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  • Cyberstalking

    This, much like traditional stalking, involves threats of harm or intimidation through repeated online harassment and threatening or offensive messages

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Cyberbullying
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Impact of Cyberbullying

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